Library of Congress
Loc: Learning Page: The Freedmen
This resource provides information about the Freedmen, who were free after the Emancipation of Slaves.
US National Archives
Samuel Chapman Armstrong: A Biographical Study
A book-length biography of Samuel Chapman Armstrong, founder of Hampton Institute, a historically Black school founded during Reconstruction. The biography was written by Armstrong's daughter, Edith Armstrong Talbot, in 1904. The book is...
Other
American National Biography Online: Armstrong, Samuel Chapman
Biography of Samuel C. Armstrong, founder of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute during Reconstruction, to educate African Americans after the Civil War. Hampton is now Hampton University.
University of Virginia
Divide and Conquer: The "Indian Experiment" at Hampton Institute
An article about the inclusion of Native Americans in the student body at Hampton Institute, an African American training school which arose during Reconstruction.
Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press.
New Georgia Encyclopedia: Freedmen's Education During Reconstruction
Freed slaves had a hunger for education. Find out how they supported their own schools in addition to receiving aid from the Freedmen's Bureau and northern aid societies.
Other
Sau: Ama and the Freedmen's Bureau in Arkansas
A full-length paper about the role of the Freedmen's Bureau in Arkansas and its support for schools for African American children.
Library of Congress
Loc: Higher Education
The freed slaves needed skills to thrive in industrial America so many industrial schools were opened to address these needs. However, many saw these practical skills learned in these schools as perpetuating the status of an African...
Texas State Library and Archives Commission
Texas State Library and Archives Commission: Forever Free: The 1870s: William H. Holland
Read a brief bio on William H. Holland, a man born into slavery who not only fought in the Civil War but also involved in politics and working to advance African Americans during the Reconstruction. Read about some of his work as a Texas...
Curated OER
National Park Service: American Visionaries: Booker T. Washington
This site provides a web exhibit that celebrates the incredible achievements of Booker T. Washington. Includes photos and biographical information about this extraordinary African American.
PBS
Pbs Learning Media: Reconstruction and Black Education
Highlights the development of schools for African Americans during the Reconstruction Era and the subsequent resistance to the schools by White supremacist groups.
Texas State Library and Archives Commission
Texas State Library and Archives Commission: Forever Free: The 1870s: Education
Read about the development of free education for African Americans following the emancipation of this enslaved population. This article focuses on schools in Texas, including what is now known as Texas A&M University. Includes a...
Texas State Library and Archives Commission
Texas State Library and Archives Commission: Forever Free: The 1870s: The Freedmen's Bureau
Here is a brief explanation of what the Freedmen's Bureau was and why it was established. Lists some functions of the Bureau in Texas and its members.