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Primary
University of Missouri

Exploring Constitutional Conflicts: Engle v. Vitale

For Students 9th - 10th
Read the majority and dissenting opinions in the Engle v. Vitale case of 1962 which held that school-sponsored prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
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Handout
Other

Northwest Arkansas Community College: Landmark Cases: Engle v. Vitale

For Students 9th - 10th
At this site, you can read either the full opinion or just areas of the decision of the Supreme Court case of Engle v. Vitale which ruled on the constitutionality of school prayers.
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Article
US Department of State

America.gov: The Right to Legal Counsel: The Gideon v. Wainwright Decision

For Students 9th - 10th
This article provides an overview of the right to legal representation for the poor and Chief Justice Black's opinion in the precedent-setting case.
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Website
PBS

Wnet: Thirteen: Supreme Court: Expanding Our Civil Rights: Gideon v. Wainwright

For Students 9th - 10th
This is a synopsis of the landmark Supreme Court case of Gideon v. Wainwright, which ruled that states must provide defense attorneys to any indigent criminal defendant charged with a felony. The decision was written by Justice Hugo Black.
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Website
Digital History

Digital History: Religion in Public Schools: Engle v. Vitale

For Students 9th - 10th
Read the background of the Supreme Court case, Engle v Vitale, in which school prayer was banned. Find Justice Hugo Black's opinion confirming that decision.
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Website
Social Studies Help Center

Social Studies Help Center:how Did the Warren Court Protect the Citizens' Rights

For Students 9th - 10th
The Warren Court was a busy one. Read about the famous decisions made by that court in just a few years.
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Lesson Plan
Yale University

Yale New Haven Teachers Institute: Legacy of the Warren Court

For Teachers 9th - 10th
Read about the legacy of the Warren Court, including Plessy v Ferguson, Brown v Board of Education and Gideon v Wainwright.
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Article
University of Toronto (Canada)

University of Toronto: The Affluent Society

For Students 9th - 10th
This site from the University of Toronto is a well-organized site that chronicles U.S. history. Good discussion of the effect of government spending on the economy during the Kennedy administration.
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Primary
Library of Congress

Loc: Miranda Rights

For Students 9th - 10th
This site from the Library of Congress contains the original handwritten notes of Chief Justice Earl Warren on Miranda v. Arizona. A note written by Justice William E. Brennan offering suggested changes to Warren's ideas is also available.
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Activity
NSTATE

Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren

For Students 9th - 10th
This site gives an overview of the life of Earl Warren. Includes a picture and information on his term as chief justice.