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Handout
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Comission

Explore Pa History: Mary Cassatt

For Students 3rd - 8th
A concise biographical sketch that examines the life and contributions of nineteenth century impressionist and Pennsylvania native, Mary Cassatt.
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Graphic
Web Gallery of Art

Web Gallery of Art: Index of Artists

For Students 9th - 10th
Go directly to an A-to-Z index of the names of hundreds of European artists from which you can link to artist biographies, sample artwork, and useful analyses. Also available are "tours" or curated collections of which focus on specific...
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Handout
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory

Magnet Academy: James Clerk Maxwell

For Students 9th - 10th
James Clerk Maxwell was one of the most influential scientists of the nineteenth century. His theoretical work on electromagnetism and light largely determined the direction that physics would take in the early twentieth century. Indeed,...
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Handout
Countries and Their Cultures

Countries and Their Cultures: Sleb Settlements, Sociopolitical Organization, Religion and Expressive Culture

For Students 9th - 10th
Sleb camps are currently small and scattered, sometimes even consisting of a single family, with one or two tents. In the nineteenth century, however, camps of fifteen to twenty-five tents, with twenty to thirty families per tent, were...
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Primary
Digital Public Library of America

Dpla: Manifest Destiny

For Students 9th - 10th
From twentieth-century posters, monuments, and letters to nineteenth-century maps, biographies, and paintings, this set allows students to gain a greater understanding of how perceptions of manifest destiny have changed over time.
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Handout
Countries and Their Cultures

Countries and Their Cultures: Chagga Kinship

For Students 9th - 10th
In the nineteenth century the Kichagga-speaking people on Mount Kilimanjaro were divided into many small, autonomous chiefdoms. Early accounts frequently identify the inhabitants of each chiefdom as a separate "tribe." Although the...
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Handout
Countries and Their Cultures

Countries and Their Cultures: Introduction to Africa

For Students 9th - 10th
This introduction provides some basic information as background for the detailed accounts of the particular cultures that follow. The cultures have been selected to represent Africa, in the sense that they include the larger and...
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Article
Khan Academy

Khan Academy: Costumbrismo

For Students 9th - 10th
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, explorers and travelers (mainly of European descent) in Latin America, popularized a genre called costumbrismo: the depiction of local folklore, including social "types" and genre scenes....
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: The West, the Gilded and the Gritty: America, 1870 1912

For Teachers 9th - 10th
Four nineteenth-century landscape paintings that suggest the meaning of the West in American life.
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Website
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Self Image, Making of African American Identity: V. 2

For Students 9th - 10th
An editorial and four poems that explore African American strivings for self-esteem in the late-nineteenth century. All documents referenced within this resource attempt to shine a light on African American self-image and identity.
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Handout
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Making of African American Identity: Public Image

For Teachers 9th - 10th
The resources examines images that illustrate and challenge black stereotypes of the late-nineteenth century, primarily focusing on W. E. B. Du Bois' African American photographs assembled for the 1900 Paris Exposition.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Africa, Making of African American Identity: V. 2

For Students 9th - 10th
Photographs and an address that illustrate the role Africa played in black identity in the late-nineteenth century. This article compares Rev. Henry McNeal Turner's "back to Africa" campaign with the Exoduster migration to Kansas led by...
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Associations (I), Making of African American Identity: V. 2

For Students 9th - 10th
Newspaper articles that illustrate how benevolent and charitable societies fostered racial solidarity among African Americans in late-nineteenth-century America are provided. Links to these articles can be found on the second page.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Institutions: Religion, Making of African American Identity

For Students 9th - 10th
Scholarly article and an address that discuss the role of religion in the shaping of African American identity during the late-nineteenth century.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Family, Making of African American Identity: V. 2

For Students 9th - 10th
A short story and photographs that illustrate the role family played in shaping African American identity in nineteenth-century America. A link to "The Stones of the Village" by Alice Dunbar-Nelson supports this concept.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Racial Politics, Making of African American Identity: V. 2

For Students 9th - 10th
Chapter from a novel and images that illustrate black political action in late-nineteenth-century America. Frances Harper's 1892 novel Iola Leroy, is examined, covering topics of white supremacy and racial justice.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Race Problem, Making of African American Identity: V. 2

For Students 9th - 10th
A poem, an address, and a painting that illustrate black political struggle in late-nineteenth-century America. This series of resources characterize "the Negro Problem" as "a concrete test of the underlying principles of the great...
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Making of African American Identity: Segregation

For Students 9th - 10th
A Supreme Court decision, a chapter from a novel, and an editorial that explore segregation in late-nineteenth-century America. This resource focuses primarily on Plessy v. Ferguson, and the complexities that followed from this ruling.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Sale, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
Two nineteenth century depictions of the emotional brutality of slave auctions-by an enslaved (formerly free) black man and by former slaves-and several recollections of being sold by former slaves recorded during Depression era...
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Plantation, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
Numerous photographs of a Virginia plantation (taken in 1960), an autobiographical account of life on a Mississippi plantation from the nineteenth century, and an interview with a former slave about a Louisiana plantation recorded in 1937.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Resistance, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
Recollections of slave resistance by observers like Frederick Douglass, narratives of slave resistance collected during the Depression, and mid-nineteenth century accounts by former slaves calling for resistance to and overthrow of the...
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Handout
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Mutual Benefit, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
Four documents establishing black mutual assistance and self-help organizations from the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries. A link to each document is provided.
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Unit Plan
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Making of African American Identity: Canada

For Students 9th - 10th
Descriptions of fugitive slave communities in Canada and comments from those who escaped to these locations as well as welcoming statements to fugitive slaves in the mid-nineteenth century.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Slave, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
This resource provides nineteenth-century black narratives that address what it meant to be enslaved and how slaves' identity was formed and changed over time.

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