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Handout
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Making of African American Identity: Public Image

For Teachers 9th - 10th
The resources examines images that illustrate and challenge black stereotypes of the late-nineteenth century, primarily focusing on W. E. B. Du Bois' African American photographs assembled for the 1900 Paris Exposition.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Africa, Making of African American Identity: V. 2

For Students 9th - 10th
Photographs and an address that illustrate the role Africa played in black identity in the late-nineteenth century. This article compares Rev. Henry McNeal Turner's "back to Africa" campaign with the Exoduster migration to Kansas led by...
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Associations (I), Making of African American Identity: V. 2

For Students 9th - 10th
Newspaper articles that illustrate how benevolent and charitable societies fostered racial solidarity among African Americans in late-nineteenth-century America are provided. Links to these articles can be found on the second page.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Institutions: Religion, Making of African American Identity

For Students 9th - 10th
Scholarly article and an address that discuss the role of religion in the shaping of African American identity during the late-nineteenth century.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Family, Making of African American Identity: V. 2

For Students 9th - 10th
A short story and photographs that illustrate the role family played in shaping African American identity in nineteenth-century America. A link to "The Stones of the Village" by Alice Dunbar-Nelson supports this concept.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Racial Politics, Making of African American Identity: V. 2

For Students 9th - 10th
Chapter from a novel and images that illustrate black political action in late-nineteenth-century America. Frances Harper's 1892 novel Iola Leroy, is examined, covering topics of white supremacy and racial justice.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Race Problem, Making of African American Identity: V. 2

For Students 9th - 10th
A poem, an address, and a painting that illustrate black political struggle in late-nineteenth-century America. This series of resources characterize "the Negro Problem" as "a concrete test of the underlying principles of the great...
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Making of African American Identity: Segregation

For Students 9th - 10th
A Supreme Court decision, a chapter from a novel, and an editorial that explore segregation in late-nineteenth-century America. This resource focuses primarily on Plessy v. Ferguson, and the complexities that followed from this ruling.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Sale, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
Two nineteenth century depictions of the emotional brutality of slave auctions-by an enslaved (formerly free) black man and by former slaves-and several recollections of being sold by former slaves recorded during Depression era...
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Plantation, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
Numerous photographs of a Virginia plantation (taken in 1960), an autobiographical account of life on a Mississippi plantation from the nineteenth century, and an interview with a former slave about a Louisiana plantation recorded in 1937.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Resistance, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
Recollections of slave resistance by observers like Frederick Douglass, narratives of slave resistance collected during the Depression, and mid-nineteenth century accounts by former slaves calling for resistance to and overthrow of the...
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Handout
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Mutual Benefit, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
Four documents establishing black mutual assistance and self-help organizations from the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries. A link to each document is provided.
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Unit Plan
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Making of African American Identity: Canada

For Students 9th - 10th
Descriptions of fugitive slave communities in Canada and comments from those who escaped to these locations as well as welcoming statements to fugitive slaves in the mid-nineteenth century.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Slave, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
This resource provides nineteenth-century black narratives that address what it meant to be enslaved and how slaves' identity was formed and changed over time.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Entrepreneurs, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
Six mid-nineteenth century accounts by free-born black entrepreneurs about their economic activities and struggles. Links to documents describing each trade are provided within this well-developed resource.
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Handout
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Artists, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Teachers 9th - 10th
The artwork of four nineteenth-century free blacks expressed in portraits, landscapes, sculpture, and photography. Links to works from Joshua Johnson, Robert Scott Duncanson, Edmonia Lewis, and Augustus Washington are provided.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Poets, Making of African American Identity: V. 1

For Students 9th - 10th
The writings of four African Americans poets from the late-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries that examine slavery, abolition, and emancipation. These authors include Phillis Wheatley, George Moses Horton, James Whitfield, and...
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Soldiers: Making of African American Identity: 1500 1865

For Students 9th - 10th
Photographs of and letters from black soldiers-both enslaved and free-from the late-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries that examine military experience for African Americans.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Making of African American Identity: Emigration

For Students 9th - 10th
Proposals for and arguments against the emigration of blacks to Haiti and to Africa during the mid-nineteenth century. The struggle of African Americans, such as Martin Delany, to determine the appropriate course of action with this...
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Unit Plan
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Emancipation: Abolition

For Students 9th - 10th
Speeches, songs, letters, and pamphlets from the early- and mid-nineteenth century promoting the abolition of slavery and emancipation of enslaved peoples are provided within this resource.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Reconstruction: African American Identity: 1865 1917

For Students 9th - 10th
An interview, government reports, two paintings, and a work song that explore the constraints placed upon African American freedom in the late-nineteenth century as a result of reconstruction.
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Unit Plan
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: The Making of African American Identity: Vol. Ii, 1865 1917: Migration

For Teachers 9th - 10th
Congressional testimony and a letter that explore late nineteenth-century black migration from the South. Links to both resources are provided within this site.
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: Harriet Jacobs: "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl," 1861

For Students 9th - 10th
Several chapters from a slave narrative by Harriet Jacobs examining her abuse, her integrity, and her eventual escape from brutality, all of which raise important questions about power, equality, and gender roles in the mid-nineteenth...
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Primary
National Humanities Center

National Humanities Center: Toolbox Library: De Tocqueville, Triumph of Nationalism: America, 1815 1850

For Students 9th - 10th
Three essays from the famous French visitor to America, Alexis de Tocqueville, in which he examines how religion in early nineteenth century America supported democratic tendencies.

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