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Website
Independence Hall Association

U.s. History: Welcome to Valley Forge

For Students 3rd - 8th
Washington and his men had to endure six months of harsh winter in their encampment at Valley Forge. Use this site to learn about what they had to deal with and who was there.
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Unit Plan
CommonLit

Common Lit: Benedict Arnold: Two Sides of a Bitter Coin by David White

For Students 7th - 8th
Benedict Arnold (1741-1801) was an American general during the American Revolutionary War. He originally fought for the colonists' Continental Army but later defected to the British Army. Today, the name "Benedict Arnold" has become...
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Handout
University of Groningen

American History: Biographies: Nicholas Gilman 1755 1814

For Students 9th - 10th
Member of a distinguished New Hampshire family and second son in a family of eight, Nicholas Gilman was born at Exeter in 1755. He received his education in local schools and worked at his father's general store. When the War for...
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Website
Digital History

Digital History: The Revolutionary War

For Students 9th - 10th
An overview of the military encounters in the Revolutionary War. Read about the lows and highs of the Continental Army, and the eventual defeat of the British.
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Handout
Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press.

New Georgia Encyclopedia: Nathanael Green (1742 1786)

For Students 9th - 10th
General Nathanael Greene was commander of the Southern Department of the Continental army and a respected leader that helped America win the Revolutionary War. Here you can read about his early life, military career, the Southern...
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Article
Other

Jewish World Review: Haym Salomon: The Rest of the Story

For Students 9th - 10th
A passionate patriot, Haym Salomon, featured in this biography, is remembered for this money management skills and ability to recruit members to the Continental Army. He used much of his own privately earned money to help fund the...
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Lesson Plan
Library of Virginia

Virginia Memory: Land Survey by George Washington

For Teachers 9th - 10th
What was one of George Washington's first jobs? American history tends to focus on George Washington as a leader of the Continental army during the Revolution, and as our nation's first president. Less emphasis has been devoted to...
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Website
Independence Hall Association

U.s. History: The French Alliance

For Students 5th - 8th
The surrender of General Burgoynne at Saratoga gave the French the assurance that the Continental Army had a fighting chance to beat the British. Read about early French help and the formal agreements signed between France and America.
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Website
Digital History

Digital History: How Were the Colonies Able to Win Independence?

For Students 9th - 10th
A discussion of the several reasons the American colonies were able to defeat the head of the British Empire and become an independent country. See also a very brief description of how the Continental Congress paid for the war.
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Article
Other

American revolution.org: The Revolution's Black Soldiers

For Students 9th - 10th
This article provides extensive information on the African Americans who served in the Revolutionary War.
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Handout
Black Past

Black Past: Poor, Salem (1747 1780)

For Students 9th - 10th
Read this encyclopedia entry that recounts the participation of Salem Poor, a freed black man, who served in the Revolutionary War.
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Handout
Black Past

Black Past: Salem, Peter (Ca. 1750 1816)

For Students 9th - 10th
An encyclopedia entry telling about Peter Salem, a slave who fought in the Revolutionary War and reportedly fired the shot that killed Major Pitcairn at Bunker Hill.
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Handout
Black Past

Black Past: Whipple, Prince

For Students 9th - 10th
This encyclopedia article, although brief, gives good information about Prince Whipple, a slave who fought in the Revolutionary War.
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Activity
PBS

Pbs Liberty!: Benedict Arnold's Leg

For Students 9th - 10th
The PBS program "Liberty!" notes Saratoga National Historic Park's monument to Benedict Arnold's leg. A brief, partial biography of Benedict Arnold covers the significance behind the monument, as well as the events that followed Arnold's...
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Activity
Other

Colorado College: African Americans in Early American Military History

For Students 9th - 10th
Describes African American's military role in American Revolution.
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Activity
Library of Congress

Loc: The American Revolution Began April 19, 1775

For Students 3rd - 8th
This is an interesting site explaining the beginning of the American Revolution. Read all about the communication system that signaled the beginning of the war.
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Website
University of Groningen

American History: Biographies: Jonathan Dayton

For Students 9th - 10th
This site from the University of Groningen provides a biographical account of Johnathan Dayton's political life - the U.S. Constitution, Hamilton's banking plan, and Jay's Treaty - with links to the events, people, and achievements he is...
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Handout
University of Groningen

American History: Outlines: Defeats and Victories

For Students 9th - 10th
Although the Americans suffered severe setbacks for months after independence was declared, their tenacity and perseverance eventually paid off. During August 1776, in the Battle of Long Island in New York, Washington's position became...
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Graphic
Smithsonian Institution

National Museum of American History: Price of Freedom: Tricorn Hat

For Students 9th - 10th
See a picture of the tricorn hat, worn by militiamen in the Revolutionary War. You can also read about the history of this particular hat.
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Handout
University of Pennsylvania

University of Pennsylvania Archives & Records: Thomas Mifflin (1744 1800)

For Students 9th - 10th
A short biographical sketch of Mifflin that provides details about his life and his relationship with the University of Pennsylvania.
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Graphic
Smithsonian Institution

National Museum of American History: Price of Freedom: George Washington's Uniform

For Students 9th - 10th
View a photo and read a brief description of George Washington's uniform. Also includes an explanation of Washington's attention to the symbol of the uniform. Displayed in the National Museum of American History.
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Website
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Comission

Explore Pa History: The Philadelphia Campaign the Battle of Trenton

For Students 9th - 10th
Examine the people and events surrounding the Battle of Trenton in this detailed account of Pennsylvania history. Included in this site are links to audio and pictorial images of this era.
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Handout
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Comission

Expore Pa History: Thomas Mifflin

For Students 9th - 10th
Provides details about a historical marker on Mifflin. Includes a short biographical sketch plus links to three famous Mifflin portraits (by Benjamin West, Charles Wilson Peale, and John Singleton Copley).
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Lesson Plan
Cynthia J. O'Hora

Mrs. O's House: Allies in War, Partners in Peace

For Teachers 9th - 10th
Students will develop digital picture book telling the history of the Oneida People at Valley Forge.