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The making of federal Indian policy in the United States during the 19th century was marked by disagreement among all parties. The areas of disagreement that stood out most were (1) What is the legal/constitutional status of Indians and what does that status mean in terms of Government obligations/ responsibilities? (2) Should the Government negotiate with Indians or merely conquer them; in other words, treaties or force? (3) Within the Government itself, should authority for Indian affairs be vested in the Department of the Interior or the Department of War; should Indians be subject to civil or to military authority? (4) How frequently, under what circumstances, and to what extent should military force be used in Indian affairs?
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