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Website
Internet Infidels

Pascal's Wager Refuted

For Students 9th - 10th
Summarizes the major arguments involved in Pascals' Wager. It also presents seven objections to Pascal's Wager, both on philosophical and theological grounds.
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Website
Internet Infidels

Secular Web: H. J. Blackham: What Is Agnosticism?

For Students 9th - 10th
A paper written in 1981 by British humanist Blackham reviews the major philosophical foundations of agnosticism.
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Website
Other

Rabindranath Tagore

For Students 9th - 10th
A comprehensive biography of Rabindranath Tagore, the Poet, Philosopher, Musician, Writer, Educator, and Nobel Laureate. This site contains links to selected poems, conversations, and quotations.
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Article
Other

Verywell: What Is Nature Versus Nurture?

For Students 9th - 10th
An article featuring the ongoing philosophical debate over psychology's nature versus nurture. Cherry clarifies the differences between the two schools of thought and provides the changes in theory over the years.
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Website
Steven Kreis, PhD

The History Guide: Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759 1797

For Students 9th - 10th
From a college lecture on "The Language of Politics: England and the French Revolution," this biographical sketch connects Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797 CE) to the major political and philosophical thinkers of her time.
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Handout
Steven Kreis, PhD

The History Guide: Niccolo Machiavelli, 1469 1527

For Students 9th - 10th
This site has biographical information for Machiavelli (1469-1527 CE), the political philosopher during the Italian Renaissance.
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Primary
Lumen Learning

Lumen: Romanticism: "Self Reliance" by Ralph Waldo Emerson

For Students 9th - 10th
"Self-Reliance" is an essay written by American transcendentalist philosopher and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid...
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Handout
University of Chicago

University of Chicago Press: Nietzsche's Travels

For Students 9th - 10th
Sample of photos and quotes from Nietzsche's travel diaries in his later years. Illuminates the personality of the great philosopher.
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Website
Other

Le Magazine Litteraire

For Students 9th - 10th
A fully searchable site for AP/French literature majors, le Magazine Litteraire offers detailed critiques of recently published literature; articles by famous thinkers and academics about writers, philosophers or literary themes; a forum...
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Article
Other

U of Cambridge: Tycho Brahe and the Separation of Astronomy From Astrology

For Students 9th - 10th
The subject of the paper is the shift from an astrology-oriented astronomy towards an allegedly more objective, mathematically grounded approach to astronomy. This shift is illustrated through a close reading of Tycho Brahe's scientific...
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Unit Plan
TED Talks

Ted: Ted Ed: What Is Consciousness?

For Students 9th - 10th
Michael Graziano explores the question about consciousness that has vexed scientists and philosophers for centuries.
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Handout
University of St. Andrews (UK)

University of St. Andrews: Mathematics Archive: John Wallis

For Students 9th - 10th
This page provides an excellent biography of John Wallis, an English clergyman, mathematician, and philosopher. Discusses his childhood, education, travel, studies, and his contributions to the fields of philosophy, language, and...
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Handout
University of St. Andrews (UK)

University of St. Andrews: Blaise Pascal

For Students 9th - 10th
This site from the University of Saint Andrews provides a short biography of Pascal. Takes a philosophical angle. Features links to existentialist philosophy, seventeenth and eighteenth century literature, and philosophy pages.
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Unit Plan
TED Talks

Ted: Ted Ed: Zen Koans: Unsolvable Enigmas Designed to Break Your Brain

For Students 9th - 10th
Puqun Li details the bewildering and ambiguous philosophical thought experiments these Buddhists called Zen koans.
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Handout
The History Cat

The History Cat: The House of Wisdom

For Students 9th - 10th
Describes how Baghdad grew into a place of scholarship during the Golden Age of Islam. The Caliph, Abdullah Al Ma'moun, brought many foreign scholars to translate books by renowned thinkers and philosophers for Baghdad's House of Wisdom....
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Primary
Blackdog Media

Classic Reader: Life Is a Dream by Pedro Calderon De La Barca

For Students 9th - 10th
This is the full text of the four-act play Life Is A Dream by Pedro Calderon de la Barca including a list of characters. It is a philosophical Spanish allegory regarding the human situation and the mystery of life.
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Unit Plan
TED Talks

Ted: Ted Ed: Making Sense of Irrational Numbers

For Students 9th - 10th
Like many heroes of Greek myths, the philosopher Hippasus was rumored to have been mortally punished by the gods. But what was his crime? Did he murder guests or disrupt a sacred ritual? No, Hippasus's transgression was mathematically...
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Unit Plan
CommonLit

Common Lit: Text Sets: Political Theory

For Students 9th - 10th Standards
As governments form and change over time, they look to political philosophers to answer important questions about governance. This text set covers some of the world's most influential political thinkers. This collection includes 10...
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Handout
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite

For Students 9th - 10th
An essay on the famous anonymous Christian Neoplationist thinker from the 5th-6th century C.E. The article provides a good analysis of his philosophical ideas and concepts.
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Handout
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Virtue Ethics

For Students 9th - 10th
Excellent, clearly written introduction to "virtue theories" of morality. Reviews the archetypical theories of Aristotle and Aquinas before turning to contemporary versions. Presents one possible philosophical critique of virtue theory...
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Handout
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Plotinus

For Students 9th - 10th
Thorough overview of the philosophical contribution of Plotinus. Includes biographical information.
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Handout
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: William of Ockham

For Students 9th - 10th
Thorough introduction to the life and works of philosopher and theologian William of Ockham. Addresses topic such as William's influential "nominalism" and his views on the relation between reason and authority.
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Article
Khan Academy

Khan Academy: Malangan

For Students 9th - 10th
Malangan express many complex religious and philosophical ideas. They are principally concerned with honoring and dismissing the dead,but they also act as an affirmation of the identity of clan groups. View pictures and descriptions of...
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Article
Khan Academy

Khan Academy: The Roman Silversmith: Drinking Cups of the Elite

For Students 9th - 10th
Silver drinking cups with relief decoration were very popular in the 1st centuries B.C. and A.D. Cups were sometimes made in pairs to encourage conversation about the scenes on the vessels. Cupids, scenes of Bacchus, the Roman god of...

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