Born in Estonia and trained in medicine in Germany, ophthalmologist Ingeborg Schmidt (b. 1899) did research on color vision. She had worked as a research assistant in Tubingen and Berlin, 1927-1935, and in aviation medicine at the Aeromedical Institute in Berlin, 1935-1945. After immigrating to the United States, Schmidt taught at University of Texas, 1946-1952, Columbia University, 1952-1953, and Indiana University, 1954-1970